🎯 这节课你会学到
- 从句到底是什么(一个句子降级当零件)
- 三种最基础从句:宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句(各自一句口诀)
- 长难句不再害怕的第一步
📖 讲解
1. 从句的本质
两个短句:
- I know something.(我知道一件事)
- He lives in Beijing.(他住在北京)
把第二句塞进第一句的「something」位置,前面加个连接词:
I know that he lives in Beijing.(我知道他住在北京。)
那个塞进去的小句子就是从句——它降级成了大句子的一个零件。连接词(that / who / when / because…)就是「胶水」。
2. 宾语从句(塞进「知道 / 想 / 说」的后面)
连接词 that(陈述内容,that 可省略):
- I think (that) English is useful.(我认为英语有用。)
- She said (that) she was tired.(她说她累了。)⚠️ 主句过去时,从句也跟着过去时(时态呼应)
连接词 if / whether(是否):
- I don’t know if it will rain.(我不知道明天会不会下雨。)
连接词 what / when / why(疑问词本身还在从句里当成分):
- I don’t know what he wants.(我不知道他想要什么。)⚠️ 疑问词后面用陈述语序:❌ what does he want → ✅ what he wants
3. 定语从句(塞在名词后面当形容词)
把两句合成一句:The girl is my sister. + The girl is standing there. →
The girl who is standing there is my sister.(站在那儿的女孩是我妹妹。)
- 先行词是人 → who / that;是物 → which / that
- 从句紧跟在先行词后面,就像给名词挂了个「……的」的定语
最简判断:先行词还原回从句里做主语或宾语 → 用 who/which/that;做时间/地点状语 → 用 when / where:
- This is the school where I studied.(这就是我学习过的学校——in the school)
4. 状语从句(塞在句首或句尾表时间/原因/条件)
| 逻辑 | 连接词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | when / while / before / after / as soon as | I’ll call you as soon as I arrive. |
| 原因 | because / since / as | He stayed home because he was ill. |
| 条件 | if / unless | If it rains, we will stay home. |
| 让步 | although / though | Although he is young, he knows a lot. |
⚠️ 两条铁律:
- 主将从现:主句将来时,时间/条件从句用一般现在时:If it rains(❌ will rain) tomorrow, we will stay home.
- although 和 but 不同时出现(中文「虽然…但是…」,英文二选一)
⚠️ 零基础最容易犯的错
- 疑问词后用疑问语序:❌ I know where is he. → ✅ I know where he is.(从句一律陈述语序)
- 主将从现失守:❌ If it will rain… → ✅ If it rains…
- although…but 连用:❌ Although he is old, but he works. → 删 but
- that 从句时态不呼应:主句 said(过去)→ 从句也用过去时态
📝 随堂小练
- 合并:I believe something. + He is honest. → I believe ____ he is honest.
- 合并:The man is my uncle. + The man is talking with her. → The man ____ is talking with her is my uncle.
- 选词:I will go with you ____ (if / although) I am free tomorrow.
- 改错:I don’t know where is the library.
- 改错:Although it was raining, but we went out.
答案(先自己写!)
- that(宾语从句陈述内容,that 可省)
- who / that(先行词 the man 指人 + 从句缺主语)
- if(条件:「如果我明天有空」;although 是让步不合逻辑)
- → I don’t know where the library is.(从句用陈述语序)
- 删 but(although 与 but 不共存:Although it was raining, we went out.)
➡️ 下一课预告
第 14 课:动词的「第二形态」——非谓语三兄弟 to do / doing / done。