🎯 这节课你会学到
构词法全量:前缀表(改意思)+ 后缀表(改词性)+ 常用词根——这是从 1000 词到 3500+ 词的杠杆,也是阅读「同义改写」的解码器。
📖 讲解
1. 前缀(改变词义,不改变词性)
| 前缀 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|
| un- / in- / im- / ir- / il- | 否定 | happy→unhappy; possible→impossible(p 前 im); regular→irregular; legal→illegal |
| dis- | 相反 | agree→disagree; like→dislike; honest→dishonest |
| mis- | 错误 | understand→misunderstand; lead→mislead |
| re- | 再次 | tell→retell; write→rewrite; build→rebuild |
| pre- | 前 | view→preview; pay→prepay |
| post- | 后 | graduate→postgraduate |
| over- | 过度 | sleep→oversleep; work→overwork |
| under- | 不足 | stand→understand(本义); pay→underpaid 低薪 |
| sub- | 下、次 | way→subway; title→subtitle |
| inter- | 之间 | national→international; view→interview |
| trans- | 跨越、转换 | port→transport; form→transform |
| anti- | 反对 | war→antiwar; social→antisocial |
| auto- | 自动、自己 | mobile→automobile; graph→autograph |
| multi- | 多 | national→multinational; media→multimedia |
| self- | 自我 | confident→self-confident |
(记忆要点:im- 常在 p/b/m 前,il- 在 l 前,ir- 在 r 前——拼写规律)
2. 后缀 · 名词化(动词/形容词 → 名词)
| 后缀 | 例子 |
|---|
| -tion / -sion | educate→education; decide→decision; inform→information |
| -ment | develop→development; agree→agreement; move→movement |
| -ness | happy→happiness; ill→illness; kind→kindness |
| -ity | able→ability; real→reality; possible→possibility |
| -ship | friend→friendship; leader→leadership |
| -hood | child→childhood; neighbor→neighborhood |
| -ance / -ence | perform→performance; differ→difference |
| -er / -or / -ist(人) | teach→teacher; visit→visitor; art→artist; science→scientist |
| -ee(被动的人) | employ→employee 雇员(vs employer 雇主) |
3. 后缀 · 形容词化
| 后缀 | 例子 |
|---|
| -ful | care→careful; help→helpful; beauty→beautiful |
| -less | care→careless; hope→hopeless; use→useless |
| -able / -ible | enjoy→enjoyable; comfort→comfortable; access→accessible |
| -ous | danger→dangerous; fame→famous; nerve→nervous |
| -ive | create→creative; act→active; impress→impressive |
| -al | nature→natural; person→personal |
| -y | cloud→cloudy; sun→sunny; luck→lucky |
| -ish / -like | child→childish; life→lifelike |
4. 后缀 · 动词化与副词化
| 后缀 | 例子 |
|---|
| -en(动词) | wide→widen; short→shorten; strength→strengthen |
| -ify / -ize(动词) | simple→simplify; real→realize; apology→apologize |
| -ly(副词) | quick→quickly; happy→happily(y 变 i) |
5. 常用词根(见到就拆)
| 词根 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|
| port | 携带 | import 进口 / export 出口 / transport 运输 |
| vis / vid | 看 | visible / vision / video / revise 复看=复习 |
| dict | 说 | predict 预言 / dictionary 词典 |
| spect | 看 | inspect 检查 / respect 回看=尊敬 / prospect 前景 |
| tract | 拉 | attract 吸引 / tractor 拖拉机 / contract 合同 |
| mit / miss | 送 | permit 允许 / mission 任务 / submit 提交 |
| scrib | 写 | describe 描述 / subscribe 订阅 |
| form | 形 | reform 改革 / inform 通知 / uniform 制服 |
📝 随堂小练
- possible 的名词形式是?
- honest 的名词形式是?(-ness 还是 -ity?提示:honesty)
- explain 的名词形式是?(-tion,注意 e 去留:explanation)
- 猜词:import / export / report 的共同词根和含义?
- write 的「重写」是?(re- + write)
答案(先自己写!)
- possibility(-able→-ability)
- honesty(-y 结尾;不是 honestness)
- explanation(explain 去 i 加 ation)
- 词根 port(携带):import 进口、export 出口、report 带回=报告
- rewrite
➡️ 下一课预告
第 30 课:长难句拆解——句子成分分析 + 五步法 + 12 个实战例句。攻克阅读的最后堡垒。